提到心理學~~必提到佛洛依德先生

增加背景知識~~(小畢老師說阿~~口說的文章80%是心理學~所以我們也來個亂槍打鳥第一槍~~心理學最為人所知的的性學講師~~~佛洛伊德~~)
Freud 的基本理論都是以性就啟發~~指的是SEX DESIRE~~所以假如你不幸考到這篇文章~~~
基本上腦子裡要出現的是~~GENDER ~~SEX~~~這兩個字~~還有libido (性慾)大概就不遠之~~
下面我寫中文的是重點~~英文就是看看吧~~重點的專業單字~~我已寫在中文裡ㄌ~~~

Freud是(the father of psychoanalysis)心理分析之父(有部分的書籍稱之)，而他所發表的文章以及理論都具有一定的影響力及爭論性~~
其中最有名的以及在各大心理學書籍一定會提及的是Psychosexual development !!!!
他將自身小時的經驗套用(I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood)~而產生幾個階段(Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity:their stages of development—first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage)口腔->肛門->性蕾期 (phallic 指的是男性生殖器官~但總不能女生也稱之吧~所以轉譯為性蕾~不要問我為啥叫性蕾唷!!我不知道~~考試不考中文);其中若一個階段未被滿足及會產生精神方面的疾病如強迫症(OCD Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder->腦海中會不斷出現重複性的念頭,個案會顯得焦慮不安,而不斷地進行強迫行為,去看愛在心口難開~~那ㄍ男主角就是->醫學上多數認為是在肛門期訓練如廁時遭受到極大的壓力如過度訓練而產生)
另一重點~~Oedipus conflict 指的是性別認定的部分(Oedipus是希臘神話中有戀母情結的神~欲知詳情!自己去查啦)
其中所說明的~~若我是一個女生~~我會有所謂的戀父情結~我會因為喜歡父親 ~去學習母親的行為模式進而讓我的父親喜歡我~(正就是為啥有人會說你選擇的對象會跟自己的父/母親很像)
反之~~若我是男生~~我會有戀母情結~~但是我會忌妒我父親且我會擔心我父親會閹了我(afraid of castration)~~所以我會努力將自己變得更強壯~~

以上ㄋ~~是佛洛伊德小常識~~也是醫學上認定他有一定的正確性的~~~(夢的解析~~很有名~~但是爭議性過大~~多數不太會被提起)

下一篇的英文是從維基百科來的~~~看一看吧~~~

獨立寫作---題目

2007/11/17
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The ability to read and write is more and more important now than before.

Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

2007/11/11
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Advertisements make the products look better than they really are.

2007/11/09
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Car has had a greater effect on the society than airplane has.

2007/11/03
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy.

2007/10/28
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Teacher should be paid according to how well his students perform.

2007/10/27
你同意不同意觀察或研究動物有助於了解人類的本性(human nature)?

2007/10/21
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Spending money on traveling or vacation is better than saving money for future use.

2007/10/17
你是否同意大學生應該學至少一門介紹他國文化的課程

2007/10/06
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is more important to give students more prizes or awards for effort(trying, working hard) than for achievement(success, good grades).

2007/10/05
電視是拿來教育的，不是拿來娛樂的，同意或不同意。

2007/09/29
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The best way to truly relax and reduce stress is getting alone.

2007/09/22
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
The extended family (grandparents, cousins, aunts and uncles) is less important than it was.

讀書心得

閱讀部分：
本來我閱讀可以做得很好的，可是考試時很緊張，還遇到那麼多詞彙題。很鬱悶的說。平時我做barron的時候，還有幾次全對的時候呢。
我 覺得短期突破還是按照OG上的出題方式來，ETS考的是邏輯。在十一期間，我把OG的閱讀的十種出題方式看了一遍，總結到自己的筆記本上。先集中幾天練習 閱讀，看自己是否真正理解了這幾種題型。其實只要你理解了出題方式，那麼你就會做得很好，因為考試時都差不多告訴你答案在什麼地方了，會用箭頭標註出來。 恩，在你覺得自己已經可以應對了，不是錯很多了，並且錯的題目你都知道怎麼錯以後。閱讀就不是重點了，你可以花時間做別的訓練了。但是，你還是要每天抽出 一個半小時來，三篇閱讀，是自己每天都有語感，保持也很重要。
小TIPs：
1.閱讀的時候找準閱讀區間很重要，一道題只要不是 according to the passage,答案不會離開這個段落。但是10.28的考試，確實有幾個題目是according to parapgraph 1 and paragraph 2， 這時候，你得根據題目來判斷了。
2.一定要練習速度，有時間一定多背單詞。這次考試我就遇見了好多生詞不會，鬱悶死了。

聽力：
其實聽力不應該是大家認為難的一部分。大家覺得難，主要是：背景不瞭解，語速問題，記筆記以及整體理解文章，梳理思路，順著文章思路合理預測，判斷出題點掌握不好的問題。如果原來聽力不是很好的孩子，建議如下：
一 定要讓自己的耳朵快速熟悉高語速。如果有時間，還是集中時間至少聽半個月的apnews, scientific american 60s,voa,都是標準的美語，很好聽。練習耐力要用scientific american的sa_podcast，一整就是半個小時的訪談，遍及天文、地理、醫藥、文學。據說ETS也會參考上面的材料，也實用的。
http://www.sciam.com/
耳朵熟悉了之後，看OG，看出題類型，只要你看到一道題，會判斷是六種題型中的哪道，並且知道如何作答就可以了。
接下來，有時間的話，可以聽聽舊托2000年之後的段子，以前的很慢，值不得聽。沒時間就算了，直接模考barron會有點困難，那就從longman開始
吧。 我沒聽過longman,不是我鄙視它簡單，我下載下來，死活安裝不上，於是我就放棄了。題不在多，你要做一篇都有收穫，為什麼錯，如何改進，只要你錯的 題目越來越少就好了。longman,delta,barron,kaplen，難度遞增。delta語速很快，但是題目很白痴，基本上聽不明白也會
做題。所以，可以把delta作為訓練耳朵的材料，不做題也可以。但是barron7套和kaplen4套值得研究一下。
小TIPs：
一定要沒事就灌耳朵，我連睡覺的時候都是在英語的催眠下的。尤其是要一天至少四個小時的快速耳朵訓練。每天都不放鬆。

口語：
只要你的發音不是很難聽，別人能聽懂——最好自己背段小材料，別人能至少90%聽懂——基本上就沒問題了。
不 過，這是個很好的開端。我覺得口語至少提前半個月準備，每天兩個小時，獨立口語至少練習100道。在此推薦大家把近幾年的獨立口語部分拿出來練習。多練習 最保險的方法。我每天七點爬起來，讀到10點，讀加背自己的口語材料。再遇到題目的時候，就可以隨口說出至少三個理由了。相信自己，這是因為你腦子裡的貨 多了。
Q3-Q6就可以一個星期搞定了。因為在此之前，你的嘴巴因為獨立口語部分的訓練已經足夠快。先看OG，反覆聽給的high- level的例子，看人家是怎麼說的。然後你的任務是，用半天的時間把Q3-Q6的幾經，分別每題都整理出來。分析考題你會發現：Q3都是閱讀一個段子， 聽力就是兩個討論，一般是MM不同意閱讀段子，給兩個理由，很標準的。其餘題目你也會自己總結了。然後，你就用半天時間總結出一個自己的模版，每天對著機 經，狂練習模版的使用。到了一定程度，一般一種20題，你就不用看模版，順其自然就念出了答案。後面，你還可以自己組織語言，越念越快。一週時間絕對夠 用，我就用了不到一週時間。
小TIPs：
1.口語除了平時積累素材外，重要的還有聽力功底和記筆記能力。這個應該是你聽力時積累的。記筆 記這部分要注重全、細。防止你答題時打不出來完整的句子，不能舉出來詳細的例子來說明問題。口語Q3-Q6只有Q5是需要你自己觀點的，其餘都沒有。所 以，越詳細的說明你聽到的，就越容易拿高分數的。
2.考試的時候一定看清題目。這次考試，Q5是MM出問題了，GG給了點意見。我當時很悔，沒太聽清。可是題目就是讓陳述MM的問題，然後給自己的意見。我完全不用理會GG的建議，照樣可以說啊。

作文：

綜合作文部分：
綜合作文部分不必要練習很多篇，你要保證質量。首先，先看OG，限定時間，練習後，對照OG給的答案和自己寫的區別。關鍵看，OG上high-level的例子，都是聽力中很關鍵的點的提煉。主要的區別要明確寫 出來，還要有一定的細節。三個反對的點要均衡寫。否則在一個點上寫多了，就會影響其餘部分的寫作。還要注意，把聽力和reading material中的對立點寫出來，而且明確指明：They are totally different。這部分的關鍵還是記筆記的能力。和口語有點類似。
小TIPs：
1.記完筆記後，一定自己先把三個點組織好。我考試時就吃虧了。本來三個點聽清了，可是沒組織，紙上都是單個的單詞，結果我寫過兩個點後，再想寫第三個點，再看筆記已經不知道自己寫的什麼了。
2.和口語一樣，對著幾經練習幾篇，是為了練習組織語言能力和運用模版。一定要練習，直到自己能將很零散的記憶規整起來。

獨立作文部分:
獨立作文，我沒有什麼太多經驗，之前自己練習沒超過5篇。但是我覺得有個「模版」挺重要的。不是讓你作文都按模板寫。模版是給你組織思維過程的。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=68&ID=137270&page=2
覺得這個傢伙寫得不錯，讓我冒昧的借用一下。
我的模版基本上是：
Currently, our society/ School/Citizens confront two options/choices. One is to.... And the other is to..... Personally speaking , I side with the former/later one. Of the countless reasons, I will present the most consepicuous ones here.

The first plain truth, I am pesenting here, is that doing *** is instrumental to....

Furthermore, under my preference lies another equally important fact that doing *** also can...

In addition, doing *** has other benefits. For example,.....

Admittedly, donig *** has some undeniable demirits, such as.... However, its advantages carry more weight than doing ###(觀點的對立點), and the case is rare and too weak to weaken my viewpoints.

In conclusion, despite some minor drawbacks, doing *** is instrumental rather than detrimental to us, No matter in....(第一個理由) , but also in...(第二個理由). So, we are supposed to do ***, no matter how painful or hard it maybe at the moment.

大家注意我的模版裡，我喜歡用，是因為這個模版的銜接很好。ETS除了考你說理的能力，還考你組織語言的能力。上面標註的都是讓你的組織變得連貫的關鍵詞。大家可以自己也形成一個自己組織很嚴密的模版。然後在套用一些萬能素材。
小TIPs：
1.一定積累一定的素材。比如：健康，休閒，有知識，方便，財富，容易成功等等。使用這些素材的時候，按照寫作習慣，應該是先描述現狀，然後有什麼影響，有什麼解決辦法可以解決/實現，然後舉例子（一定要舉例，是在舉不出來，就拿自己說話），得出結論。
我拿休閒做個例子吧，這是我在以前寄託上看見一個人寫的，也冒昧的應用一下。
Currently, people undergo a large amount of pressure from various directions, including work, school and so forth. Pressure is detrimental to our
health and has been one of the biggest problems. It can hurt our personality, health and our relationship with others. Statistical reports from a research center prove that it is hard to find an area that can't trace in some ways to pressure. In order to work effectively, a proportion people to persue all kinds of ways to get rid of pressure. They are traveling to other countries, having parties with friends at weekend, or having long or short vacations. Furthermore, music and TV also make us relax. So, the most striking conclusion is that getting rid of pressure can make us live longer now.
你會感覺整個段落多很和諧，沒有什麼冗餘，也沒什麼缺少的。就是按 照人的思路順下來的原因。因為大家想問題也是這麼個過程。先理論，後實例。很容易把ETS的老頭們說服的。所以，大家沒有話可說時，就找個萬能素材，比如 幹什麼可以讓我變得輕鬆，然後你就按照上面的順序，順理成章的說下去。歌劇中間，多用用連接詞：also,and, so, in addition, but,however........這就是conherence和specific，即時是一篇很普通的作文，按照這個思路寫下來，也會是一篇很朴 實，但是又符合要求的作文。

好了，我也不是什麼牛人，英語一直都不是強項，只是有點感觸，在一個月的備考中，對iBT有了自己的認識而已。希望對大家有幫助。也祈禱自己可以上80分，我就很開心了。

最後，希望後面的戰友們繼續加油，大家一定齊心合力，戰勝iBT

挑選類Selection

1. 雜誌,小說,詩歌,喜歡哪個

For me, I like poems the best, because the language is beautiful and so are the ideas. One poem I cherish is from Robert frost “the road not taken”. In it he says he picked one road out of two in the woods and how everything changed ever after. It made me meditate about how different our life can be after a simple choice. It also reminds me to not regret once I’ve settled on a decision. And there are many other poems like this one, beautiful and philosophical. So I love them.

2. 喜歡看哪種電影,為什麼:Comedy, drama, musical…

I’d say I like comedy the best, because it’s amusing. When I want to watch a movie, more often than not, I’m looking for something fun, something that relieves my tiredness or sadness. A comedy fits my criterion perfectly, as it’s not serious as say, documentaries, or tragedies. So I don’t have to think much about it. That’s why I like movies of whoopee Goldberg, especially her sister act. It makes me laugh every time and forget myself. So, this is the primary reason I like comedy.

3. 森林, 沙漠, 平原...你喜歡住在哪種環境裡?

I’d choose to live on a plain, because it’s more suitable. Firstly, I have to consider the transportation problem. Living on a plain is usually more convenient because the transportation system is more established and advanced. Compared with the forest or desert which is not quite accessible, it’s better to live on a plain where it’s easier for you to move or travel. In addition, the climate on a plain is more agreeable than that in the other two. The forest is too humid, and the desert to dry. So, for these reasons, I’d rather live on a plain.

4. 除了academic programs，還有什麼在你選學校的時候很重要：location, cost…?

Besides academic programs, there are two things I would take into consideration when selecting a university. Firstly, the location. Usually I prefer bigger cities than small town because it’s more convenient for living. Also I prefer balmy climate for the place, not too cold nor too hot. In addition, the cost is another thing to consider. The tuition fee must be reasonable and affordable. And if the programs are equally appealing, of course the less money the better. So, location and cost are the other primary concerns when I choose a university.

A good school I went to.

The university I’m studying in is an excellent institution. Firstly, the academic programs are appealing. We have the first-class faculties with solid educational backgrounds and rich experience in teaching and researching. The facilities are also high-standard. We have comfortable classrooms, well-equipped labs, big libraries and brand-new playfields. In addition, its location is perfect in the central part of our capital city Beijing. It’s convenient for transportation and shopping. I think it is the best school I have even studied in.

偏好類Preference

1. 你是喜歡自己在家裡吃還是去外面餐館吃？為什麼？

I prefer eating at home, because it’s less expensive and more creative. For one thing, dining outside everyday is not an option for me, as I’m still a student and the budget is always tight. Except for special occasions, I seldom eat out. In addition, I’d like to diy my own dishes, experimenting with all kinds of ingredients and seasoning that suits my taste. It feels more fun. And there is a great feeling of satisfaction. So for these reasons, I like eating at home.

2. 喜歡到大城市讀書還是小城市讀書。

I’d like to study in a big city, for two reasons. Firstly, universities in major city tends to have a higher qualities than those in small towns. The government may have more funding to support educational programs. More faculties are attracted. And better facilities are available. In addition, one meets more people in big cities. They help you broaden your view and even offer your good opportunities for academic or career success. For these reasons, I’d pick a big city to study in.

3. 喜歡一個人住還是和室友住

I’d prefer to live with other people, for two reasons. First, living with someone else teaches ymd to share. As the only child in my family, it’s inevitable for me to think in a self-centered way. Having somebody living with me can remind me to share and can be my first step toward maturity. Moreover, a roommate can be very helpful. Like if you forgot your key or left something in the apartment, having a roommate can save much trouble to solve the problem. So, for these reason, I’d like to have someone living with me.

4. 願意在辦公室工作還是在家工作，為什麼?

I definitely prefer to work at the office, for two reasons. Firstly, the atmosphere in the offices helps you work more efficiently. As it is supposed to be the place for work, everybody will just do his job. And in the office you get the assignment more directly, so misunderstandings are avoided. Moreover, working with other employees is more convenient if there is a problem. You can go and consult your co-workers or even the boss. With help one can do better and learn faster. So, for these reasons, I prefer the traditional way of working in an office.

5. 願意當leader還是當follower

I’d choose to be a leader, because I’d rather be ambitious rather than mediocre. Firstly, as a leader, you have other people count on you. This requires great qualities, like courage, foresights, tolerance, and it is never easy. But you can learn more from a tough work. If I can be a leader, I believe the experience will make me more mature and capable. In addition, another advantage of being a leader is more chances to implement his or her idea. It feels good you can do what you want and do it well. So for these reasons, I prefer the position of a leader rather a follower.

6. Take a long vacation or several short vacations in a year?

I’d like to take a long vacation rather than having several short ones in a year, because a long vacation enables me to make bigger plans for recreation.

Eg1: a long trip to anther city, or even foreign country

Eg2: return to my hometown to see my parents, it’s especially important for people who works far away from home to have a longer vacation, so we can stay more time with family.

So, for the above reasons, I like to take a long vacation for bigger plans.

7. Do you prefer to study alone on work assignment from class or to study in group?

8. 同意或不同意students will learn more when they have discussions

I definite prefer to study alone, because it’s more efficient. For one thing, when left alone, I concentrate more on the work assignment. In a group discussion while other people talk and you have to listen, a lot of information from the textbook may be missed. But studying alone you have more time to read and think more thoroughly. In addition, I like to study according to my own pace, like spending more time on my weak points. But in a group study, the majority preference decides all. So for these reasons, I prefer study by myself.

9. Communicate with your family and friends by letter and e-mail or by telephone

I always communicate with my family or friends by telephone, for two reasons. Firstly, it’s feels more close to the one you’re talking to. By telephone, you can communicate with hearing the other voices. It always gives me a sense of intimacy, especially when I’m talking to someone from the family, since I study far away from home. In addition, actually hearing the words prevent misunderstanding. The use of tones and emphasis in talking helps people to know your true meaning. So, for these two reasons, I choose telephone.

10. 賺錢的工作還是personal satisfaction 高的工作

I’d choose a job with more personal satisfaction, for two reasons. Firstly, it’s sad to put the pragmatic concern before everything. If I force myself to do a job without incentive for money concerns, chances are that I will not be fully-devoted to do it well, and of course my money will be affected at the end. In addition, a job with more income is often damaging to the health, because of the tension and competition. So I think it’s always safe to count on the job with more satisfaction to you for a long-term concern.

11. 在旅行時，有些人喜歡直接到達目的地，有些人卻喜歡沿途一路上觀光。

For me, I like to take my time and see things along the way. Firstly, who knows there can be some surprisingly beautiful sights on the way, and I don’t want to miss it. It can be even better than the place I wanted to go. In addition, I don’t like to rush myself. If I do so, I may already feel tired when I get to my destination. And if the point is to relax through traveling, I’d like to start that from the moment I set out. So, that’s my reason for sight-seeing along the way.

12. Get advice from family and friends or learning through personal experience.

I’d probably take advice from my family or friends, because it’s more helpful. For one thing, I know myself can be very stubborn sometimes, and I’m not aware of my problem until somebody points it out for me. And moreover, suggestions from older people or friends are more valuable. Because they watch things from another angle, they can come up with something more objective or comprehensive. More often than not, they see things you don’t see. So I’ think it’s wiser to ask for opinions from them.

13. 你選擇online courses還是traditional courses

I’d definitely choose traditional courses over online courses, because I’m more accustomed to the conventional way. I’m used to facing a teacher in the class. By concentrating on the person, I can focus on the lecture. Staring at the computer will make me tired and bored very soon. In addition, the traditional classroom allows you to raise question any time you want, which is not possible by taking online courses, because the content on the internet is pre-designed and unchangeable. So for these reason, I’d rather stick to the traditional courses.

14. Which one do you think is better to help do research, internet or academic books?

Usually I’d use both of them for my research, but if I have to choose on, I’d say the internet. For one thing, nowadays the internet has almost everything you need, but the library does not. For example, the book you want may be included or may be borrowed by someone else. In addition, it saves your energy to use internet. All you need is a computer. But carrying books around can be very heavy. So, for these reasons, I’d prefer to search online.

15. Make friends with people who have different interests from you?

Usually I don’t make friends with people who are quite different from me, because it’s hardrer. For one thing, I like to be with someone who shares my interest. It makes me feel closer to the person. We can talk about things in common, and understand each other better. In addition, conflicts may arise when I’m with someone quite different. What if I happen to be on the opposite side of his interest or view? We can argue with each other, and the relationship can be ruined. So for these reason, I prefer making friends who are similar to me.