Freud 之 第二槍

Sigmund Freud, born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939), was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind, especially involving the mechanism of repression; his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, directed toward a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic techniques, especially his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires.
He is commonly referred to as "the father of psychoanalysis" and his work has been highly influential — popularizing such notions as the unconscious, the Oedipus complex, defense mechanisms, Freudian slips and dream symbolism—while also making a long-lasting impact on fields as diverse as literature, film, Marxist and feminist theories, and psychology. However, his theories remain controversial and disputed by numerous critics, such as author Richard Webster, who characterized Freud's work as a "complex pseudo-science.
Psychosexual development
Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and thus turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. "I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood," Freud said. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification (cf. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality). He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire incest and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. He also turned to anthropological studies of totemism and argued that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict.
Freud originally posited childhood sexual abuse as a general explanation for the origin of neuroses, but he abandoned this so-called "seduction theory" as insufficiently explanatory, noting that he had found many cases in which apparent memories of childhood sexual abuse were based more on imagination than on real events. During the late 1890s Freud, who never abandoned his belief in the sexual etiology of neuroses, began to emphasize fantasies built around the Oedipus complex as the primary cause of hysteria and other neurotic symptoms. Despite this change in his explanatory model, Freud always recognized that some neurotics had been sexually abused by their fathers, and was quite explicit about discussing several patients whom he knew to have been abused.[15]
Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process codified by the concept of sublimation. He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development—first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage. Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the Oedipus Complex) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature. (The lesser known Electra complex refers to such a fixation on the father.) The repressive or dormant latency stage of psychosexual development preceded the sexually mature genital stage of psychosexual development.
Freud's way of interpretation has been called phallocentric by many contemporary thinkers. This is because, for Freud, the unconscious always desires the phallus (penis). Males are afraid of castration - losing their phallus or masculinity to another male. Females always desire to have a phallus - an unfulfillable desire. Thus boys resent their fathers (fear of castration) and girls desire theirs. For Freud, desire is always defined in the negative term of lack - you always desire what you don't have or what you are not, and it is very unlikely that you will fulfill this desire. Thus his psychoanalysis treatment is meant to teach the patient to cope with his or her insatiable desires.

提到心理學~~必提到佛洛依德先生

增加背景知識~~(小畢老師說阿~~口說的文章80%是心理學~所以我們也來個亂槍打鳥第一槍~~心理學最為人所知的的性學講師~~~佛洛伊德~~)
Freud 的基本理論都是以性就啟發~~指的是SEX DESIRE~~所以假如你不幸考到這篇文章~~~
基本上腦子裡要出現的是~~GENDER ~~SEX~~~這兩個字~~還有libido (性慾)大概就不遠之~~
下面我寫中文的是重點~~英文就是看看吧~~重點的專業單字~~我已寫在中文裡ㄌ~~~

Freud是(the father of psychoanalysis)心理分析之父(有部分的書籍稱之)，而他所發表的文章以及理論都具有一定的影響力及爭論性~~
其中最有名的以及在各大心理學書籍一定會提及的是Psychosexual development !!!!
他將自身小時的經驗套用(I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood)~而產生幾個階段(Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity:their stages of development—first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage)口腔->肛門->性蕾期 (phallic 指的是男性生殖器官~但總不能女生也稱之吧~所以轉譯為性蕾~不要問我為啥叫性蕾唷!!我不知道~~考試不考中文);其中若一個階段未被滿足及會產生精神方面的疾病如強迫症(OCD Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder->腦海中會不斷出現重複性的念頭,個案會顯得焦慮不安,而不斷地進行強迫行為,去看愛在心口難開~~那ㄍ男主角就是->醫學上多數認為是在肛門期訓練如廁時遭受到極大的壓力如過度訓練而產生)
另一重點~~Oedipus conflict 指的是性別認定的部分(Oedipus是希臘神話中有戀母情結的神~欲知詳情!自己去查啦)
其中所說明的~~若我是一個女生~~我會有所謂的戀父情結~我會因為喜歡父親 ~去學習母親的行為模式進而讓我的父親喜歡我~(正就是為啥有人會說你選擇的對象會跟自己的父/母親很像)
反之~~若我是男生~~我會有戀母情結~~但是我會忌妒我父親且我會擔心我父親會閹了我(afraid of castration)~~所以我會努力將自己變得更強壯~~

以上ㄋ~~是佛洛伊德小常識~~也是醫學上認定他有一定的正確性的~~~(夢的解析~~很有名~~但是爭議性過大~~多數不太會被提起)

下一篇的英文是從維基百科來的~~~看一看吧~~~

Physics-Conversion of Energy

Physics-Conversion of Energy

Beginning in the year 1840, James Joule performed a long series of experiments to study the conversion of mechanical energy to heat. In one experiment he used a barrel to heat water by rotating a paddle wheel inside the barrel. He measured the work done in turning the wheel and the heat produced in the water, and found that a given amount of work always produced the same amount of heat. Later experiments showed that heat and mechanical energy are always converted back forth in precisely the same ratio. We now know that the same rule is true for all forms of energy. In everyday terms, energy is never lost: When it disappears in one from, it always shows up in an equal amount in another form. This principle- known as the law of conservation of energy- is one of the fundamental laws of classical physics and is a very cornerstone of modern science and technology.

When it comes to the subject of energy, we should understand why a nation like the United States cannot solve its energy problems by operating automobiles on electricity instead of gasoline. It should be clear by now that electrical energy is no easier to come by than the chemical energy in gasoline. Neglecting engine efficiency for the moment, it takes the same amount of energy to move an automobile a given distance regardless of the initial source of that energy. If all our autos ran on electricity, that energy could be supplied only by burning additional fossil or nuclear fuel at our electricity generating plants. It is true, of course, that electric motors are more efficient than gasoline engines. But this advantage might well be offset by the weight of the batteries to be carried about.

Astronomy-The Galaxies

Astronomy-The Galaxies

Stars are found in huge groups called galaxies. Scientists estimate that the larger galaxies may contain as many as a trillion stars, while the smallest may have fewer than a million. Galaxies can be up to 100,000 light-years in diameter.

Galaxies may have any of four general shapes. Elliptical galaxies show little or no structure and vary from moderately flat to spherical in general shape. Spiral galaxies have a small, bright central region, or nucleus, and arms that come out of the nucleus and wind around, trailing off life a giant pinwheel. In barred spiral galaxies, the arms extend sideways in a short straight line before turning off into the spiral shape. Both kinds of spiral systems are flat. Irregular galaxies are usually rather small and have no particular shape or form.

Galaxies were long thought to be more or less passive objects, containing stars and interstellar gas and dust and shining by the radiation that their stars give off. When astronomers became able to make accurate observations of radio frequencies coming from space, they were surprised to find that a number of galaxies emit large amounts of energy in the radio region. Ordinary stars are so hot that most of their energy is emitted in invisible light, with little energy emitted at radio frequencies. Furthermore, astronomers were able to deduce that this radiation had been given off by charged particles of extremely high energy moving in magnetic fields.

Geology-What are Oil and Gas?

Geology-What are Oil and Gas?

Oil and gas are primarily mixtures of compounds of carbon and hydrogen, known as hydrocarbons. They are formed as part of a natural cycle which begins with deposits of plant and animal remains and fine sediment. Trapped over millions of years, often deep beneath the ocean, this organic matter is transformed by the combined effect of temperature and pressure into oil and natural gas.

The formation of oil and gas deposits, or reservoirs, occurs when these hydrocarbons migrate upward through the rock layers towards the surface. These hydrocarbons often escape to the surface where they may form natural oil seeps or, in the case of gas, simply dissipate. Any hydrocarbons remaining on the surface are soon oxidized by bacteria. Sometimes oil and gas are trapped in deep underground structures which prevent them reaching the surface. They may be trapped underneath curved layers of rock called anticlines, or by faults in the rock. Faults occur when layers of rock split and move, such as in an earthquake or during normal seismic events. The term reservoir can be misleading, giving people the impression of large subterranean lakes full of oil. In fact, oil and gas are trapped within porous sedimentary rocks such as sandstone or shale and ma occupy as little as five percent of the rock volume.

Biology-Symbiosis

Biology-Symbiosis

Close living arrangements between two different species is called symbiosis. The word comes form the Greek word meaning 「state of living together.」 Usually the two organisms are in close physical contact, with one living on or in the other. In some cases, however, the relationship is less intimate. Symbiosis is classified into: mutualism (once called symbiosis), commensalism, and parasitism. These relationships rage from mutually beneficial to harmful, or even fatal, for one of the species.

In mutualism both partners benefit form the relationship. One of the best-known mutual relationships is the one between nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria and several leguminous plants such as beans, peas, peanuts, and alfalfa.

Human beings, animals, and most plants need nitrogen to survive but cannot metabolize it from the air. Rhizobium bacteria, which live in the soil, enter the roots of legumes and produce nodules, or enlargements, in which they absorb nitrogen form the air and convert it into ammonia. This compound is then converted into some organic form, such as amino acids, which is shared by the bacteria and the host plant. By eating such leguminous plants, other organisms obtain a rich source of nitrogen-bearing compounds. The bacteria, in turn, benefit from the relationship by absorbing from the host plant nutrients that they cannot manufacture themselves.

Lichens, which consist of fungi and algae, are another well-known example of mutualism. Algae receive shelter and a moist environment by dwelling within the fungi. In turn, the algae provide the fungi with food through photosynthesis.

In climate change, 'change' is the key word

Guest post from Jay Gulledge, a senior research fellow and staff scientist at the Pew Center on Global Climate Change.

With the release of the 4th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we are going to see that the science of climate change has progressed rapidly over the past few years and that the scientific community will be willing to make much stronger statements about the causes and effects of climate change than ever before. The report will leave very little doubt about the reality of global warming and its causes, and I expect that it will become the foundation for moving forward on action to curb global warming.

In a recent interview on Good Morning America about the unusually balmy weather on the East Coast-it was 65 degrees and drizzling at 6am when I arrived ABC's studios in downtown Washington, DC-Diane Sawyer asked me whether global warming just means balmy winters and January blooms. I replied to the effect that it was nice to see some color in January, but that it represented a disruption to the normal biology of the plants and other organisms that interact with them, and that an ensuing freeze could literally nip them in the bud, leaving us with a drab, colorless spring. Although I stayed on topic, in retrospect, I don't think that was what Ms. Sawyer was getting at. I think she wanted to know what global warming means for people in their daily lives.

Scientists speak of averages, but people notice extremes. I recently heard Congressman Dennis Kucinich from Ohio ask, rhetorically, whether one needed to be a scientist to see that things are changing in our own backyards. In the years and decades to come, I think people everywhere will continue to notice changes in their own backyards because of global warming.

Change is the key word in climate change. For most people, this change will involve larger, more frequent extremes. For instance, in 2030 a Midwestern city will probably experience more rainfall, but it will likely come in fewer, larger events, with more frequent flooding. And between these events, there might be more frequent, longer, and hotter droughts. Residents of the city may come to expect 100+ degrees for many days running during extended droughts, when the soil is dry and no longer draws heat from the air. In summer, peak water and electricity demand will probably grow faster than city planners anticipated, requiring emergency infrastructure investments. With fewer hard freezes in winter, more pesticides will likely be needed to control mosquitoes and other pests. We will need to bolster emergency health care funds and disaster response systems to cope with these new extremes.

And, yes, the city residents will probably enjoy blooms in January too, but at what cost?

Jay Gulledge, Ph.D.
Senior Research Fellow/Staff Scientist
Pew Center on Global Climate Change

"蛇"的相關背景知識

Snake

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake

Contents

• 1 Evolution
• 2 Digestion and diet
• 3 Skin
• 4 Perception
• 5 Internal organs
• 6 Locomotion
• 7 Reproduction
• 8 Venom
• 9 Interactions with humans
• 9.1 Snake bite
• 9.2 Snake charmers
• 9.3 Snake trapping
• 9.4 Consumption of snakes
• 9.5 Symbolism
• 10 See also
• 11 Cited references
• 12 References
• 13 External links

Forked Tongue (11/24考題相關背景知識)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forked_tongue

A forked tongue is a tongue split into two distinct ends at the tip. This is a feature common to many species of reptiles. Reptiles smell using the tip of their tongue, and a forked tongue allows them to tell which direction a smell is coming from.

The image has given rise to the expression "to speak with a forked tongue," meaning: to say one thing and mean another or, in more general terms, to act in a duplicitous manner. Early Western films represented it as a Native American saying with the (often hostile and evil) Indians uttering phrases like, "White man speak with forked tongue".

Perception (12/1考題相關背景知識)

While snake vision is unremarkable (generally being best in arboreal species and worst in burrowing species), it is able to detect movement. Some snakes, like the Asian vine snake (genus Ahaetulla), have binocular vision. In most snakes, the lens moves back and forth within the eyeball to focus; snakes focus by moving the lens in relation to the retina. In addition to their eyes, some snakes (pit vipers, pythons, and some boas) have infrared-sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye, although some have labial pits on their upper lip just below the nostrils(common in pythons) which allow them to "see" the radiated heat.

A snake smells by using its forked tongue to collect airborne particles then passing them to the Jacobson's organ or the Vomeronasal organ in the mouth for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell and taste simultaneously.^[22] The snake keeps its tongue constantly in motion, sampling particles from the air, ground, and water analyzing the chemicals found and determining the presence of prey or predators in its local environment.

The part of the body which is in direct contact with the surface of the ground is very sensitive to vibration, thus a snake is able to sense other animals approaching through detecting faint vibrations in the air and on the ground.